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習近平將調整西藏政策

Xi Jinping Has Begun a New Approach on Tibet


 


    中共黨校民族宗教理論主任金靳薇教66日授接受亞洲周刊訪問透露出北京將調整西藏問題意願,並已受622日國際媒體倫敦經濟學人重視。這呼應中斌去年215(「一旦習固權之後,他可能從精神文化的尊重上解除西藏及新疆兩個定時炸彈。」)1031(「北京將與達賴恢復接觸」。)兩篇聯合報民人堂評論。敬請賜教。                                   

林中斌  2013.6.24

 

      On June 6, 2013, Professor Jin Wei, who is director of ethnic and religious studies at the Central Party School in Beijing called for a “creative” new approach on Tibet in an interview with Yazhou Zhoukan (Hong Kong, Asia Weekly). A synopsis was presented in the June 22, 2013 Economist. It so happened that twice last year on February 15 and October 31, I published opeds pointing out that Xi Jinping might resume contact with Dalai Lama to approach the Tibetan “time bomb” from a cultural andspiritual angle due to Xi’s empathy toward Buddhism.
Chong-Pin Lin  June 24, 2013
 

20121031林中斌:習近平與佛教

http://blog.yam.com/CPLin/article/57686118

 

20120215 林中斌:習近平的七項超越
http://blog.yam.com/CPLin/article/47451185

 



專訪﹕中共中央黨校社科教研部靳薇教授:重啟談判解決涉藏問題

 

紀碩鳴 | 20130609日《亚洲周刊》第27 22

 

   西藏問題涉及歷史與現實以及宗教、文化、政治,經濟發展改善藏民生活,但他們並沒因而改變對達賴喇嘛的尊崇。對西藏問題不能簡單按敵我矛盾處理。

 

    自零八年北京奧運以後,北京中斷與達賴喇嘛代表的對話,但西藏的「激進」並沒有得到緩解,形勢依然嚴峻。激烈衝突主要發生在境外,境內藏人自焚現象也沒間斷,零九年至今已經發生超過一百起;達賴喇嘛說不謀求獨立,堅持走中間道路,還表示要返回藏區,要去五台山朝聖,但支持的聲音越來越弱;境外藏獨勢力更乘勢整合,各種藏獨力量宣布整合為西藏獨立聯盟,還要成為政黨。藏獨勢力反而在成長,且可能結合外國勢力越來越大,這成為不爭的事實。

 

    如何面對久拖不決的西藏問題?如何面對難以消除的西藏嚴峻形勢?如何統戰處理達賴喇嘛的問題?中共中央黨校靳薇教授接受亞洲週刊專訪時表示,西藏問題或者是涉藏問題的複雜性在於涉及到歷史和現實,涉及到宗教、文化、政治各領域,中央定性存在分裂的達賴集團,但又不能簡單採用敵我矛盾處理,西藏的經濟發展,藏民的生活改善,但並沒因此而改變他們對達賴喇嘛的尊崇。靳薇指出,中央政府和達賴喇嘛代表曾經有過九次談判,「我認為,雙方認真、坦誠、共同面對未來的建設性會談,才是解決達賴喇嘛問題和涉藏問題的最好出路」。

 

    靳薇出生在雲南,幼時即對少數民族的文化風俗有濃厚興趣,她一九八二年到中國社會科學院民族研究所師從楊堃教授學習民族學,碩士畢業後一直在中共中央黨校任教,二零零零年又在北京大學馬戎教授指導下研究民族社會學獲博士學位,主要研究領域是西藏問題,側重四九年後的西藏政策。靳薇曾七次赴藏,調研時間累計一年餘,並多次考察雲南、四川、青海藏區。她的博士論文後來出版成《西藏:援助與發展》的論著。以下是訪問的主要內容:

 

西藏問題是民族問題、宗教文化問題,還是政治問題?

 

    所謂西藏問題,很難簡單定性,可說是「一言難盡」。毛澤東在五二年曾指出:「對西藏在政治上必須採取極端謹慎的態度……必須認識藏族問題的極端嚴重性,必須應付恰當,不能和處理尋常關係一例看待。」

 

目前北京如何定義?

 

    自八十年代以來,有一種明顯傾向,把西藏的相關問題均認為是政治問題。比如,提出西藏的發展問題,是政治問題、戰略問題和國家的全域問題。近年,政府相關部門的領導明確表示,不存在一個「西藏問題」,只存在達賴喇嘛集團搞分裂的問題。目前國內對相關問題的表述為:「涉藏問題」,意指與居住在包括西藏、青海、四川、甘肅、雲南五個省區的六百餘萬藏族民眾社會管理及社會發展相關的一些問題。  

 

你的研究結果怎麼看呢?

 

    我個人認為,涉藏問題不能一概而論。比如境內外藏獨極端勢力  不懈堅持的「西藏獨立」問題、通過滲透搞破壞搞分裂的問題、達賴喇嘛提出的高度自治、大藏區問題,毫無疑問是政治問題。而在境內發生的一些局部的矛盾衝突,大多緣於民族宗教問題。如果涉及到傷害民眾的生命財產安全的事件,就是刑事犯罪問題了。要具體問題具體分析。

 

第五次西藏工作會議將與達賴集團的矛盾定性為特殊矛盾,這種特殊性表現在哪裏?

 

    第五次西藏工作會議的這種定性,是比較科學準確的。第十四世達賴喇嘛曾是西藏政教合一的地方政權領袖,自一九五九年出走後,長期致力於西藏獨立的分裂活動,對中國的領土和主權完整直接提出挑戰。在這個層面上,我們與達賴喇嘛集團的矛盾是對立和不可調和的。但同時也要看到,達賴喇嘛是六百餘萬藏族民眾信奉的「活神仙」,是他們精神崇拜的對象,有相當的號召力。對他的態度和處理相關問題的方式會影響到千千萬萬藏族民眾的情感,因此又不能簡單的將他當作敵人來對待。

 

    正是因為有特殊性,一直以來,西藏問題、達賴喇嘛問題都由統戰部來處理,根據你說的這些特殊性,能不能除了敵對方式,還能有其他更好的方式來處理?

 

    去年十一月,中共第十八次代表大會,胡錦濤同志作了大會報告。您可能注意到,報告中,延續了中國共產黨一直以來的政策原則,將民族問題、宗教問題放在統戰工作的部分。在國家事務的管理中,負責管理民族宗教事務的,既有屬於國務院的國家民委、國家宗教局,也有屬於中國共產黨中央委員會的統戰部。由於中國目前的國情,屬於黨委系統的統戰部起著更重要的領導作用。目前的管理職責分配,涉藏問題由中央統戰部負責,新疆問題由中央政法委負責。這在中國的三十一個省區中是最為特殊的,由此也可以看出中共中央和中央政府對這兩個地區的重視。

 

    處理達賴喇嘛問題的方式,除了敵對方式外,當然有其他方式。至二零一零年,中央政府的代表與達賴喇嘛的代表已經展開過九次會談。雙方認真、坦誠、共同面對未來的建設性會談,是解決達賴喇嘛問題和涉藏問題的最好出路。

 

達賴喇嘛也提出繼續對話,可能性有多大?

 

    達賴喇嘛是涉藏問題的關鍵人物,我個人以為雙方坦誠、真實、建設性的對話是非常必要的。二零一零年,中央人民政府的代表與達賴喇嘛代表進行了第九次會談,雙方均認為無實質進展。但為涉藏工作計,我個人建議重啟會談。

 

可談哪些呢?

 

    有幾個方面可以思考:一,擱置爭議,破解膠著狀態、推進會談。按照「先易後難」的方法,擱置「中間道路」等政治議題,商議讓達賴喇嘛純粹以宗教領袖的身份訪問香港或澳門。將來可以考慮讓達賴喇嘛居留香港。達賴喇嘛二零一一年退出政壇,身份只是宗教領袖,完全可以淡化政治色彩、以宗教身份行事。如進展順利,將來或許可以考慮達賴喇嘛回藏區訪問的安排。

 

二,力爭只產生國內達賴喇嘛靈童。十世達賴喇嘛年事已高,按照藏傳佛教的儀軌轉世的問題,已經迫在眉睫。目前的局勢,將出現「雙胞達賴喇嘛」,即在海外和國內各認定一個靈童,導致問題更為複雜,對藏區的穩定和安全影響甚大。若「達賴喇嘛僵局」得到破解,應爭取讓達賴喇嘛轉世靈童產生於國內。雖然我們可以用「金瓶掣簽」限制靈童產生於國外,但歷史上也有由活佛自行指定接班人的先例。「雙胞班禪」的尷尬應當盡力避免。

 

你覺得意義會在哪裏?

 

    達賴喇嘛後時期,西方國家民眾出於普世價值等觀念的「達賴喇嘛迷戀」會逐漸淡化,涉藏問題的國際壓力將逐漸減輕。而內地的藏民群體,如果國內有一個按宗教儀軌產生的達賴喇嘛可信仰,焦慮和暴烈的情緒會得到平復。境外流亡藏人政府極有可能在達賴喇嘛後走極端暴力路線,並與其他極端組織合流。但如果我們可以化解「達賴喇嘛困局」,可以起到「四両撥千斤」的作用,分化瓦解境外的藏獨勢力。

 

有沒有讓達賴喇嘛回國的可能?

 

    談達賴喇嘛回國問題,我認為必須先進行兩個評估。第一,認真評估六百餘萬藏族民眾對共產黨的信賴和情感;第二,正確評估藏族民眾對達賴喇嘛的崇拜和感情。如何正確客觀地進行評估?「今生靠共產黨,來世靠達賴喇嘛」,這是我在西藏的歷次考察中,聽到普通民眾說得最多最直接的一句話。可以說它一語道盡評估的關鍵。

 

    在評估問題上,中國共產黨必須高度自信!五十年代西藏和平解放後,共產黨對西藏和藏區的廣大民眾傾注了很大的關心和愛護,在經濟建設方面給予了極大的支持和幫助。藏區的經濟社會發展在近五十餘年中實現了很大發展,物質生活、醫療衛生、教育、交通有了非常大的改善。因此,藏族民眾對共產黨是深懷感激的,對共產黨領導的中華人民共和國也是充分認同的。

 

    但同時,共產黨在經濟建設和物質增加方面的工作做得再多,給予的財富和幫助再多,也不可能抹殺達賴喇嘛在普通民眾心目中的地位,更不可能改變藏族民眾對達賴喇嘛的崇拜和依賴。對普通的藏族民眾來說,這種崇拜沒有絲毫政治意義和企圖,「獨立」對普通民眾來說只是一個空洞的字眼,他們沒有興趣也不懂得是什麼意思。藏族民眾對共產黨充滿感激、高度認同,他們對達賴喇嘛只是一種宗教上的崇拜,並無政治目的。我們的各級領導和相關部門,對此一定要有充分的自信和體認。在正確評估的基礎上,才可能談達賴喇嘛回國的問題。

 

近期這麼多人自焚,而不少是年輕人,為什麼會集中在近期以及是年輕人呢?

 

    藏民自焚零九年始於四川省阿壩州,到今年元月已有百餘名藏民前仆後繼點燃身體。我概括西藏問題的困局是:一,自焚一直持續並加速發展,幾乎變成了一種「集體癔症」,成了傳染病,成為一場運動;二,制止的措施尚未明顯收效;三,自焚有可能引發更深層次的矛盾,圍繞自焚的報道、記載、祈福、慰問等行為不斷擴大其社會影響,藏民的激動情緒和當地政府的制止行動對峙,激發更多矛盾,會由一種宗教動員演變為政治動員和仇恨動員,矛盾向藏民整個族群擴散,使中央政府與達賴喇嘛分裂主義集團的政治衝突演化為漢藏之間的族群衝突;四,自焚是激越情緒被煽動後的表現,自焚集中在青年人,是對共產黨感情的代際差異所致。年長的藏族民眾,對共產黨幫助他們翻身解放、分得土地和牛羊深懷感激和感恩。而青年人缺乏新舊政府對比,物質生活的改善,對西藏民眾而言,這是天經地義的事,而且青年人容易衝動,也很容易情緒化地表達。

 

十八大以後的中央高層更開明開放,在西藏問題上有轉變思路更為積極的可能嗎?

 

    人大委員長俞正聲履新後不久即到藏區視察,反映新領導人對涉藏問題的重視。我個人的建議是:必須審慎對待涉藏工作。建國已經六十餘年,但毛澤東對「藏族問題的極端嚴重性,必須應付恰當,不能和處理尋常關係一例看待」的觀點,仍有價值。

 

    我認為,要解決好涉藏問題,必須審慎對待藏區工作,尤其審慎處理涉及宗教信仰的事務。一,審時度勢,落實科學發展觀,西藏自治區的幾位書記在任時對宗教事務的一些做法失之偏頗,為今天的民怨累積埋下伏筆。涉藏問題需要審時度勢,否則寬嚴皆誤;二,剝離宗教與政治,慎重對待藏民的心理需求。藏族民眾千百年來受宗教影響,形成「重精神輕物質、重來世輕今生」的民族特性,這和中國的主體民族漢族有著巨大差別。作為執政黨的中國共產黨,一定要認清這一點。

 

    涉藏問題對當下的中國至關重要。若能創新思維、破解僵局,不僅可促進社會穩定,避免形成難以癒合的民族創傷,對國內其他少數民族亦有正面影響。同時,對台灣統一有幫助,也可以提高中國的國際形象。


 

Bold new proposals

 

Welcome signs that some officials are at last starting to question policies on Tibet


Jun 22nd 2013 |From the print edition

 

 

    FEW outside China think the Communist Party’s strategy for Tibet is working. A combination of economic development and political repression was meant to reconcile Tibetans to Chinese rule and wean them off their loyalty to the Dalai Lama, the exiled spiritual leader. Instead disaffection is still rife, especially among the young. And all across Tibetan areas of China, Tibetans still display the Dalai Lama’s portrait, sometimes openly. Since March 2011 more than 100 Tibetans—especially in Tibetan areas of provinces bordering what China calls the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)—have set themselves on fire. Most have done so in part to call for the Dalai Lama’s homecoming. An overwhelming security presence and the Dalai Lama’s commitment to non-violence mean that the unrest is easily contained. Hence little has suggested that China’s leaders are concerned about the bleak implications for the future: that their rule in Tibet can be maintained only by the indefinite deployment of massive coercive force.


    So for a Chinese scholar, Jin Wei, who is director of ethnic and religious studies at the Central Party School in Beijing, to call for a “creative” new approach is startling. For her to do so publicly, in an interview this month with a Hong Kong magazine, Asia Weekly, suggests that she has high-level backing. A report from a Beijing think-tank in 2009 challenged the official line that rioting in Tibet the year before was instigated from abroad. But Robert Barnett, a professor of Tibetan studies at Columbia University in New York, describes Ms Jin’s intervention as a sign that, after two decades, “debate has re-emerged within China about the government’s hard-line policies in Tibet”. Ms Jin even accused former party chiefs in Tibet of being “biased against the practice of religious affairs”. This, she said, “foreshadowed the accumulation of grievances today.”


    One former party secretary in Tibet (from 1988-92) was Hu Jintao, who went on to head the party nationally for ten years until last November, when he gave way to Xi Jinping. Those who have forecast that Mr Xi might prove a bolder reformer than the cautious Mr Hu have so far seen little to back them up. Here, on Tibet, is at least a hint of a crack in the hardline consensus. Some have detected another in the appointment of Yu Zhengsheng to head the party’s main policy group on Tibet and Xinjiang, a Muslim-majority region in the north-west. Mr Yu is the head of an advisory body designed to promote national unity. Previous heads of the group have been security specialists.

This is new


    Ms Jin’s analysis, though couched in the terminology of party orthodoxy, is similar to that of many foreign observers. She argues that, by demonising the Dalai Lama, and viewing any expression of Tibetan culture as potentially subversive, the party has turned even those Tibetans sympathetic to its aims against it. The struggle has evolved from “a contradiction between the central government and the Dalai Lama separatist clique into an ethnic conflict between Han Chinese and Tibetans”.


    She is not advocating a new soft approach to “political” issues, such as the Dalai Lama’s call for greater autonomy for Tibet and Tibetans’ hankering after a “greater Tibet”—ie, within its historic borders, beyond the TAR. But in fact, most protests in Tibet are not about “politics”, defined like this. Many have been sparked by anger at Chinese repression—of Tibetan culture, language and tradition, or of individual protesters. It is a vicious circle, made worse by anger at the large-scale immigration into Tibet of Han Chinese.


    Ms Jin has ideas on how to break the impasse. Talks with the Dalai Lama’s representatives, stalled since the most recent of nine fruitless rounds in 2010, should resume, she says. They should concentrate on “easy” issues first, setting contentious debate about Tibet’s status to one side for now. China should consider inviting the Dalai Lama to visit one of its semi-autonomous cities, Hong Kong or Macau, and eventually allowing him back to Tibet. It should also try to defuse the crisis his death will bring by agreeing with him on a chosen reincarnation from inside China’s borders. Otherwise, China risks having to deal with two incarnations: one it endorses and one in exile who is more likely to be revered by most Tibetans.


    One of the many obstacles to Ms Jin’s unlikely vision is the identity of China’s negotiating partner. China will only talk to the Dalai Lama’s representative. But two years ago the Dalai Lama retired from his “political” role, ceding it to an elected “prime minister” of the exiles’ government, Lobsang Sangay. Mr Sangay has not done a good job of uniting the exiles and winning their trust. In any event China will not even contemplate talking to him. The Dalai Lama may need, in one respect at least, to come out of retirement.


    The debate Ms Jin’s comments have provoked will not bring any immediate relief to Tibetans in Tibet. The infrastructure of Chinese repression is being enhanced and refined, with the implementation of a new “grid” system of street-level surveillance (see article). Dissenters are still locked up every week.


    Moreover Ms Jin’s is still a lone voice, at least in public. Few others seem to realise that a new approach in Tibet is in China’s interest. Not only would it ease tension in Tibet; it would help relations with other minorities in China, make reunification with Taiwan more likely and improve China’s relations with the outside world. The more conventional Chinese view is the one voiced recently by a scholar at a Beijing think-tank: “The old Dalai will die soon. End of problem.” Though the Dalai Lama seems in good health, he turns 78 next month. The hope is that Ms Jin will not be the only Chinese adviser to understand that the dying in exile of this Dalai Lama would not be the end of China’s difficulties in Tibet. Rather, his death risks an explosion of violence and the rekindling of a Tibetan independence movement that is for now kept in check by the Dalai Lama’s search for a “middle way”.

 

 

 

 


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